Unit 6

Unit 6

Wish/Hope

Wish: We use this expression when we talk about  a wanting change for the present or future with the simple past.
Hope. Can also be used in expressions of goodwill, but the grammar is slightly different:

Example:
I wish I had a bigger house
I hope she wins

Second conditional

The second conditional is like the first conditional. We are still thinking about the future. We are thinking about a particular condition in the future, and the result of this condition. But there is not a real possibility that this condition will happen. For example, you do not have a lottery ticket. Is it possible to win? No! No lottery ticket, no win! But maybe you will buy a lottery ticket in the future. So you can think about winning in the future, like a dream. It's not very real, but it's still possible.

We use the next structure
If + past simple + would + vsf

Unit 5

Unit 5

Reported Speech

We use reported speech when we report someones word we can do in two ways. We ca use direct speech with quotation marks  for example (" I work in a bank") or we can use reported speech ( He said he worked in a bank)

In reported speech the tenses , word order and pronouns may be different from those in the originals sentences.

How do we know when use the different times?

Practice

Reporting Questions

When we report what people said , we usually change the tense of the verbs to reflect that we are reporting - not giving direct speech . This pattern is followed when we report questions and there are also important changes between direct questions and reported questions 

YES / NO QUESTIONS

When we report yes/no questions we use IF / WHETHER

Examples

Direct question: Did you enjoy the party

Reported question: He asked me if I'd enjoyed the party

 ( These tense of the verb changes as it does in reported speech but we don't use auxiliary verbs. The word order is the same ass in affirmative sentences.

 

Questions with a question word 

When there is a question word  ( what, where, why, when, how...) we use that question word in the reported question but there is no auxiliary verb and the word order  is like an affirmative sentence. 

Example:

Direct Question: Who did you see?

Reported question: Who asked me who I'd seen 

Practice

Unit 4

Unit 4

Compound nouns

Words can be combined to form compound nouns. These are very common, and new combination are invented daily. They normally have to parts:

The first part:

Tell us what kind of object or person it is, or what is the purpose.

The second part

 Identifies the object or person in question.

Examples:

What type/purpose  -   what?/who?

police                           man

boy                              friend

water                           tank

bed                              room

One or two words

There are no clear rules about this- so write the common compounds that you know well as one word, and the others as two words

Practice

Have / Get something done

This construction is passive meaning it describes situations where we want someone else so to something for us ( as a favor o as a service and sometime we pay for it)

We need to use the next structure:

Have/Get+noun+ verb in past participle

Examples:

I mus get/have my hair cut 

We are having the house painted 

 We have the sculpture done for the new house

We use have and get in different situations.

The expression "to have somebody do something is used to talk about activities performed by a specific object.

For example:

1- I will have make repair my car

2- My father had Mr Johnson paint a picture of himself

We use the expression " to get somebody to get something" this is very similar with the first one, however its meaning is closer to persuade

Example:

1- I must get my dad to buy me a new computer

2- We need to get the teacher to give us a good grade

Practice (remember the structure)

Unit 3

Unit 3

The vs No article

Article

When can we use it?

1- Before nouns of whixh there is only one

The earth is round

2- Before a noun wich has become definitie as a result of being mentioned a sencond time

We saw a good film last night, It was the film you recomended

Before of names seas, rivers, chains, mountains, groups of islands and plural names of countries

The pacific ocean, the andes, the west indies

Before musical instruments

She plays the piano

No article

We dont use an article when we talk about plural nouns whe we are talking generally

Example

Dogs are very intelligent animals

Companies spend lots of money in advetising

Young people are more interested in technology this days

Practice

Indirect questions

When se use it?

When we want to make more plite question. They have an opening phrase before the main question. Indirect question DO NOT follow the question word order

Openning phrases

1- Do you know...?

2- Can you tell me..?

3- Could you tell me.. ?

4- Dou you have any idea..?

(For YES / NO questions, include IF / WETHER after the opening phrase)

Examples 

1- Where can i buy a good computer?

Can you tell me where i can buy a good computer?

2- Are there any internet cafes around here?

Do you know if there are any internet cafes around here?

3- How much did she pay for tv?

Do you have any idea how much she paid for the TV?

Practice

Unit 2

Unit 2

Vocabulary

Order of adjectives

We need to use a specific order to describe adjectives.

Example

Determiner	Opinion	Size	Height/Length	Shape/Weight	Color	Material
A	beautiful	big	long	heavy	green	glass

Used to

When do we use the expression?

We use the expression to talk about things that were true in the past, but are not true in the present

Example

1. I used to play video games all day

2- We used to go to park on the weekend

Didn't use to

When do we use didn't use to?

We use this expression to talk about things that weren't true in the past, but are probably true in the present

Examples

1- I didn't use to work full time (but now i probably do)

So / too

We use so, too, either and neither to express similarity, to show that we are agree with other persons. We use so and too for affirmative sentences.

Examples

I love chocolate

- me too

. so do i

- i do too

Either / Neither

We use either and neither for negatives sentences

Examples

I don't like

- me neither

- neither do i

- i don't either

Practice

Unit 1

English guide

Unit 1

Make / Do

When do we use make a do?

Make: We use make we we talk about something that you create and you get a result(you often use your hands)

Example

1- She made a cake for me

2-He makes bird houses

Do: We use do when we talk about an action you do not mention by name, mostly mental work  and referred to the topic work

Example 

1- I do my homework every day 

2- I often do the shopping on the weekend

Practice

Answers

1-make 11- do

2-do     12- make

3-make 13- do

4-make 14- make

5-do     15- make

6-do     16- do

7-make 17- make

8-do     18 - make

9-make 19- do

10-do   20- make

Present perfect + yet / already / just

How can we identify it?

Activities in the past that we don't know the specific time

Just (An action that happened shot time ago)

Examples

1- She is just woken up

2- No I've just had dinner

3- No I'm afraid he is just gone out

Already ( The action finish)

The action happen before you expected

Examples

1- It has already started

2- He is already arrived 

3- I know We have already

Yet (negative)

An action that continues until now

The action is not finish

Examples

1- It hasn't arrived yet

2- I haven't read it yet

Practice

Answers

1- already / just

2- already

3- already

4- just

5- yet

6- already / just

7- already

8- yet

9- just

10- already

Present perfect progressive

How can we identify it?

Is an action that begin in the past and continuous in the present and probably in the future.

Example

1- I have been reading for 2 hours

2- We've been studying since 9 o clock

3- How long have you been learning English

4- We have not been smoking now

Answers

1- I have been trying

2- Have you been 

3- Have been

4- Have been cleaning

5- Have you cleaned

6- Have not tidied 

7- has invited

8- haven't bought

9- have you already found out

10- has been learning 

11- have seen

Reported speech

Interview
Direct Speech
-She said, he will be more famous
- She said, He is making a lot of characters
-He said,  I am am very happy about my see on youtube
-She said, How did you describe your music
Reported Speech
Ellen said that he would be more famous
Ellen said that he was making a lot of characters
Bruno said that he was very happy about his see on youtube
Ellen said how does he describe his music?